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電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互感器把(ba)大(da)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)按一(yi)定比例變為小電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，提(ti)供各種儀表(biao)使用和(he)(he)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)保護用的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，并將二(er)次系統與高壓隔離。它不僅保證了人身和(he)(he)設備(bei)的(de)(de)安(an)全，也使儀表(biao)和(he)(he)繼電(dian)(dian)(dian)器的(de)(de)制造(zao)簡單化、標(biao)準化，提(ti)高了經(jing)濟效益。

電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)的接線方式，有使用兩(liang)個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)兩(liang)相(xiang)V形(xing)接線和兩(liang)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)差接線；有使用三個(ge)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)互(hu)感器(qi)的三相(xiang)Y形(xing)接線、三相(xiang)△形(xing)接線和零序接線。

電(dian)(dian)力系統中的無(wu)功電(dian)(dian)源有：1.同步發電(dian)(dian)機；2.調(diao)相(xiang)機；3.并聯補(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)；4.串聯補(bu)償(chang)電(dian)(dian)容(rong)器(qi)(qi)；5.靜止補(bu)償(chang)器(qi)(qi)。

裝(zhuang)設(she)(she)避雷器可以防止電力電容器在拉、合操(cao)作時可能出現的(de)操(cao)作過電壓，保(bao)證(zheng)電氣設(she)(she)備的(de)安全運行。

電壓(ya)互感(gan)器和(he)電流互感(gan)器的二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)側(ce)接地屬(shu)于保護接地。因為一、二(er)、次(ci)(ci)(ci)側(ce)絕緣(yuan)如果(guo)損(sun)壞，一次(ci)(ci)(ci)側(ce)高壓(ya)串(chuan)到二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)側(ce)，就會威脅人身和(he)設備的安全，所以二(er)次(ci)(ci)(ci)側(ce)必須接地。

線路并聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)抗器可以補償線路的(de)容性充電(dian)(dian)電(dian)(dian)流，限(xian)制(zhi)系統電(dian)(dian)壓升高和操作過電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)產生(sheng)，保證線路的(de)可靠運行。

母線串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)抗器可(ke)以(yi)限制短路電(dian)(dian)流(liu)，維持母線有較高的殘壓。而電(dian)(dian)容器組串(chuan)聯(lian)電(dian)(dian)抗器可(ke)以(yi)限制高次諧波，降低(di)電(dian)(dian)抗。 

單母線(xian)分段接線(xian)可(ke)以減少(shao)母線(xian)故(gu)障(zhang)的影(ying)響(xiang)范圍，提高供電(dian)的可(ke)靠性。當(dang)一段母線(xian)有故(gu)障(zhang)時，分段斷路器在(zai)繼電(dian)保護(hu)的配(pei)合(he)下自動跳(tiao)閘，切除故(gu)障(zhang)，使(shi)非故(gu)障(zhang)母線(xian)保持正常(chang)供電(dian)。對于重要(yao)用戶(hu)，可(ke)以從不同的分段上取得電(dian)源，保證不中斷供電(dian)。

雙母線(xian)存在以(yi)下(xia)缺點：1． 接線(xian)及操作都比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜，倒閘(zha)操作時(shi)容(rong)易發生誤操作；2．母線(xian)隔離開關較(jiao)多，配(pei)電裝置的結構(gou)比(bi)(bi)較(jiao)復(fu)雜，所以(yi)經濟性較(jiao)差。

消(xiao)弧線(xian)圈的電(dian)(dian)(dian)感電(dian)(dian)(dian)流與電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)流之(zhi)差(cha)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)流之(zhi)比叫(jiao)補(bu)償度。消(xiao)弧線(xian)圈的電(dian)(dian)(dian)感電(dian)(dian)(dian)流補(bu)償電(dian)(dian)(dian)容電(dian)(dian)(dian)流之(zhi)后，流經接地點的剩余(yu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流，叫(jiao)殘流。

系統(tong)正常(chang)運行(xing)時，由于線路(lu)的(de)三相(xiang)對地電(dian)(dian)容(rong)不平(ping)衡，網絡中性點(dian)與地之間存在(zai)(zai)一定(ding)電(dian)(dian)壓，其(qi)電(dian)(dian)壓值的(de)大小直接與電(dian)(dian)容(rong)的(de)不平(ping)衡有關。在(zai)(zai)正常(chang)情(qing)況下，中性點(dian)所產生的(de)電(dian)(dian)壓不能(neng)超過額定(ding)相(xiang)電(dian)(dian)壓的(de)1.5%。

蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自放電(dian)(dian)的(de)只要原因是由于極板(ban)含有雜質，形成(cheng)局部的(de)小電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)，而小電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)兩極又(you)形成(cheng)短路(lu)回路(lu)，引起蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)自放電(dian)(dian)。另外，由于蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)電(dian)(dian)解液上(shang)下的(de)密(mi)度不(bu)同，致(zhi)使極板(ban)上(shang)下的(de)電(dian)(dian)動勢不(bu)均(jun)等，這(zhe)也(ye)會引起蓄(xu)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)的(de)自放電(dian)(dian)。 

定(ding)期(qi)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)也叫做核對性充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)，就是對浮充(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)運行(xing)的蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，經(jing)過一(yi)(yi)(yi)定(ding)時間要使其(qi)極板的物(wu)質進行(xing)一(yi)(yi)(yi)次較大的充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)反應，以(yi)檢查蓄電(dian)(dian)(dian)池容量，并可以(yi)發(fa)現老化(hua)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池，及時維護處理，以(yi)保證(zheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池的正常運行(xing)，定(ding)期(qi)充(chong)放(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)一(yi)(yi)(yi)般是一(yi)(yi)(yi)年(nian)不少于一(yi)(yi)(yi)次。

變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器的不平衡電(dian)(dian)流(liu)指三相(xiang)變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器繞組之間的電(dian)(dian)流(liu)差而(er)言的。三相(xiang)三線(xian)式變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器中，各相(xiang)負荷的不平衡度不許超過20%，在三相(xiang)四線(xian)式變(bian)(bian)壓(ya)器中，不平衡電(dian)(dian)流(liu)引起的中性線(xian)電(dian)(dian)流(liu)不許超過低壓(ya)繞組額定電(dian)(dian)流(liu)的25%。如不符合上述(shu)規定，應進(jin)行調(diao)整負荷。

繞(rao)組和鐵芯的(de)溫度(du)都是(shi)上部(bu)(bu)高下部(bu)(bu)低。一般結(jie)構的(de)油浸(jin)式變壓(ya)器繞(rao)組，經驗證明，溫度(du)最(zui)熱(re)高度(du)方向(xiang)的(de)70%-75%處，橫向(xiang)自(zi)繞(rao)組內徑(jing)算起的(de)三分之一處，每臺變壓(ya)器繞(rao)組的(de)最(zui)熱(re)點(dian)應有試驗決定。

主要有(you)以(yi)下原因：1． 過負(fu)荷。2． 內部接觸不良，放電打火(huo)。3． 個別零件松動。4． 系統中(zhong)有(you)接地或短路。5． 大電動機起動使負(fu)荷變(bian)化較(jiao)大。 

220kV線路(lu)(lu)(lu)為中性點直接(jie)接(jie)地(di)(di)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)，因系(xi)(xi)統(tong)單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)地(di)(di)故障(zhang)最多，所以(yi)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)都裝(zhuang)分相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)操作(zuo)機構。當發生單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)接(jie)地(di)(di)故障(zhang)時，保(bao)護(hu)動作(zuo)僅(jin)跳(tiao)開故障(zhang)線路(lu)(lu)(lu)兩側斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)，沒有故障(zhang)的相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)不(bu)跳(tiao)閘(zha)，這樣可以(yi)防止操作(zuo)過電壓，提高(gao)系(xi)(xi)統(tong)的穩定性；當發生相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)間(jian)故障(zhang)時，保(bao)護(hu)裝(zhuang)置(zhi)動作(zuo)跳(tiao)開兩側三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)斷路(lu)(lu)(lu)器(qi)(qi)，另一(yi)方面(mian)，當需要單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)跳(tiao)閘(zha)單相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)合、三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)跳(tiao)閘(zha)三相(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)(xiang)重(zhong)合時，也可由(you)綜合重(zhong)合閘(zha)來完成(cheng)。

綜合重合閘由切(qie)換開(kai)關QK實現(xian)三種方式。

1.綜合重(zhong)合閘方式。單相(xiang)故(gu)障(zhang)跳(tiao)閘后單相(xiang)重(zhong)合，重(zhong)合在(zai)永久(jiu)性故(gu)障(zhang)上跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)三(san)相(xiang)，相(xiang)間故(gu)障(zhang)跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)三(san)相(xiang)后三(san)相(xiang)重(zhong)合，重(zhong)合在(zai)永久(jiu)性故(gu)障(zhang)上再跳(tiao)開(kai)(kai)三(san)相(xiang)。

2.三(san)(san)相(xiang)重合閘(zha)方式。任(ren)何類型故(gu)障(zhang)均跳開三(san)(san)相(xiang)、三(san)(san)相(xiang)重合（檢查同期(qi)或無(wu)電壓），重合在永久性(xing)故(gu)障(zhang)上時再跳開三(san)(san)相(xiang)。

3.單(dan)相(xiang)重合閘方式。單(dan)相(xiang)故障跳(tiao)開(kai)故障后(hou)單(dan)相(xiang)重合，重合在永久性故障上時跳(tiao)開(kai)三相(xiang)，相(xiang)間故障跳(tiao)開(kai)三相(xiang)后(hou)不再重合。

在(zai)實際絕緣(yuan)結(jie)構(gou)中，固(gu)體(ti)電(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)周圍往(wang)往(wang)有氣(qi)體(ti)或液體(ti)電(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)，例如線路絕緣(yuan)子周圍充滿(man)空氣(qi)，油浸變壓(ya)器固(gu)體(ti)絕緣(yuan)周圍充滿(man)變壓(ya)器油。在(zai)這種情(qing)況下，放電(dian)(dian)往(wang)往(wang)沿著(zhu)兩種電(dian)(dian)介質(zhi)交界(jie)面(mian)發生，這種放電(dian)(dian)稱為沿面(mian)放電(dian)(dian)。

影響沿面放(fang)電電壓的因素主要有(you)(you)：1.電場的均(jun)勻程度。2.介質表面的介電系數的差(cha)異程度。3.有(you)(you)無淋雨(yu)。4.污穢的程度。

1）可(ke)變(bian)(bian)損(sun)(sun)耗，其大小隨著負(fu)荷的變(bian)(bian)動而變(bian)(bian)化，它與通過電(dian)(dian)力網各(ge)元件中的負(fu)荷功率或電(dian)(dian)流的二次方成正比。包括各(ge)級電(dian)(dian)壓的架空(kong)輸、配電(dian)(dian)線路和電(dian)(dian)纜導線的銅(tong)損(sun)(sun)，變(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)銅(tong)損(sun)(sun)，調相(xiang)機、調壓器(qi)(qi)、電(dian)(dian)抗器(qi)(qi)、阻波(bo)器(qi)(qi)和消弧(hu)線圈等設(she)備的銅(tong)損(sun)(sun)。 

2）固定損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，它(ta)與通(tong)過元件的(de)(de)負荷功率的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)無(wu)關(guan)，而(er)與電(dian)(dian)(dian)力網元件上所加的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)有(you)關(guan)，它(ta)包括輸(shu)、配(pei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)變壓(ya)(ya)器的(de)(de)鐵(tie)損(sun)(sun)(sun)、調相機、調壓(ya)(ya)器、電(dian)(dian)(dian)抗器、消弧(hu)線圈(quan)等設備(bei)的(de)(de)鐵(tie)損(sun)(sun)(sun)，110kV及以上電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)架空輸(shu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)線路(lu)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)暈損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)纜(lan)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容器的(de)(de)絕緣介(jie)質損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，絕緣子(zi)漏電(dian)(dian)(dian)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)互(hu)感(gan)器的(de)(de)鐵(tie)損(sun)(sun)(sun)；用(yong)戶(hu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能表電(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)(ya)繞組及其他(ta)附(fu)件的(de)(de)損(sun)(sun)(sun)耗(hao)(hao)。